The Museo Galileo is housed in Palazzo Castellani, described as an 11th-century building once called the Castello d'Altafronte, at Piazza dei Giudici 1 in Florence, along the Arno near the Uffizi. The University of Florence formed the institute in 1930, after the First Italian Exhibition of the History of Science in 1929. The article names no architect or style.
The Medici instruments were first shown in the Uffizi's Stanzino delle Matematiche, then moved to the Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale, founded by Peter Leopold in 1775. The museum closed for about two years for redesign and renovation and reopened as Museo Galileo in June 2010.
Permanent exhibitions fill two floors of nine rooms each, covering the Medici and Lorraine collections. The library holds about 150,000 works, including nearly 5,000 antique ones. Paolo Galluzzi directed the museum from 1982 to 2021.

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