The article traces the earliest fortification to the Phrygians in the 8th century BC. The Galatians rebuilt it in 278 BC, and the Romans, Byzantines, Seljuks and Ottomans rebuilt or renovated it later. The lead says the castle was constructed in or after the 7th century. The walls postdate the Persian destruction of Ankara, probably in 622, and their exact dates are uncertain.
Two sets of walls survive. The inner walls enclose an area of about 1,150 by 490 feet (350 by 150 m) and carry closely spaced towers. The outer walls have towers roughly 130 feet (40 m) apart. Both use large amounts of reused masonry. Clive Foss suggests the inner walls may date from the reign of Constans II.
The article lists Turkey as owner from 1923. It names no architect or style, and gives no visiting details.
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